[pt-act]

What this closes

The one documented gap in the pattern screen: overlapping alternation. catastrophicRegexConstruct refused every unbounded quantifier over a group containing a quantifier, but passed a group whose branches merely overlap — the classic (a|aa)+b$, and the (get|getResponse)+ shape that reads as innocent. regexbombcheck itself printed the gap as an INFO line ("ran past 30 s — a KNOWN gap in the static guard"); the audit that reported it measured ^(a|aa)+b$ scanning live.

This extends the screen to refuse a group with a top-level | under an unbounded outer quantifier, and adds the guard's own per-file match budget (kRegexFileMatchBudget, a deterministic attempt count — not a clock, so the answer cannot vary by machine), which stops the verb at exit 1 with no hits= when a file cannot be scanned within it.

The refusal is honest about what the screen knows: it says it cannot PROVE the branches disjoint — it does not claim the branches overlap (false for the multi-character case, e.g. (cat|dog)+, which this change also refuses conservatively), and it does not teach a factoring an already-disjoint alternation could not perform.

The honest pattern contract

• Newly refused: (a|a)+b, ^(a|aa)+b$, (x|xy)+c$, (\w|\d)+$, ^(ab|cd)+e$ — plus the whole prior battery, unchanged.
• Still admitted (verified): (a|b)+ (the gate's own "plain alt" control), TODO|FIXME, (abc)+, foo.*bar, and the documented workaround shape (\s*\w+){1,20} (bounded outer).
• Golden: the 17-pattern honest set is byte-identical on stdout, stderr and exit code, pristine vs patched. A corpus sweep over 99,845 patterns: 33 newly refused, 0 newly admitted.
• Gates: regexbombcheck ALL PASS (the INFO gap line is now four refusal arms) and regexguardcheck ALL PASS. The budget arm drives the disclosed refusal via the existing RIPWIRE_FAULT_REGEX_BUDGET switch.

The disclosed residual (owned, not hidden)

The budget bounds a file's aggregate cost; a single pathological match remains unbounded on libstdc++, tracked by regex-screen-multiquantifier.

The budget is checked before the engine is handed a line, so one std::regex call is atomic to it — a multi-quantifier pattern with no top-level | (a*a*a*a*a*b, ^(a)*(a)*(a)*(a)*(a)*$) is admitted by construction, and on libstdc++ (which has no engine complexity budget, unlike libc++) a crafted subject is unbounded work. Measured on the branch: k=4 costs ~2.25 s, k≥5 exceeds a 20 s cap on a single line. The CHANGELOG and the regenerated docs/LIMITS.md both state this verbatim; the LIMITS residual paragraph names the family and the reason. A follow-on spec owns the fix — this change does not claim it closed.

Verification

Three rounds, each verdict independently reproduced on a fresh build by a second model lineage (GLM-5.3 as PM/validator; producer: a distinct session):

• Round 1 → needs_revision: the line-count budget cannot bound a single expensive match (AC5 refuted with a measured table: ^(a)*(a)* k-scaling, budgeted=0 throughout); the PBT's libc++-only leg masked the hang. Both findings accepted and fixed as claims — spec errata rewrote AC5 to the aggregate guarantee the mechanism actually makes.
• The false alarm, closed with evidence: an apparent clang-green/gcc-red split in the probe was a stale 2026-10-12 binary carrying pre-rewording message strings, not a compiler-dependent screen. Fresh builds under both toolchains: 50/50 GREEN each; all 50 verdicts were always correct. The probe's 17 assertions of the old wording were updated, not the verdicts.
• Round 2 → needs_revision (one item): --quality-delta=0e0f67c73..HEAD gated six findings (complexity/verbosity/duplication on the new code). Cleared with five mechanical helper extractions, no behavior change: gating="0", exit 0, all remaining rows minor/new-symbol.
• Final independent validation on 77de7863: refusal battery rc=1 with the pinned wording; protected admit set scans; both regex gates ALL PASS; golden byte-identical; determinism clean; limitstablecheck/manifestcheck/selfcheckcheck/docscommandscheck/gatecountcheck exit 0; versioncheck clean.
• Scope: src/regexguard.h, src/search.h, src/verbs_grep.h, src/serialize.h, both regex gates, CHANGELOG, the LIMITS generator + regenerated LIMITS, README cap count. No other surface touched.

The evidence bundles (probe logs, the k-scaling reproducer, PBT both-legs run) are held in the branch's spec workspace and can be attached on request.

Summary by CodeRabbit

• Bug Fixes
  • The regex safety screen now rejects unbounded repetition over alternations when it cannot verify that the branches are disjoint.
  • Searches stop after a per-file matching-attempt limit is reached, preserve any earlier matches, and exit with an explanation instead of reporting incomplete results as complete.
  • Search refusals now distinguish a matching-attempt limit from a regex engine failure and provide cause-specific guidance.
• Documentation
  • Updated the documented safety limits, including the caveat that a single pathological match may still take an unbounded amount of time on some systems.

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📝 Walkthrough

The regex screen now rejects certain unbounded repeated alternations, and regex scans enforce a per-file engine-attempt budget. Scan results and refusal messages distinguish budget exhaustion from engine abandonment. Documentation, cap counts, and regression tests are updated. Fault-switch environment reads use a shared tag-based cache.

Changes: Regex scan safeguards

Layer / File(s)	Summary
Alternation screening src/regexguard.h, test/regexbombcheck.sh, test/regexguardcheck.sh	The screen tracks top-level group alternatives and checks whether each branch is a provable single-character set, with pairwise disjoint sets. It refuses unbounded repetition when it cannot prove disjointness. Tests cover refusal behavior and related deny-first cases.
Per-file match budget and refusal reporting src/regexguard.h, src/search.h, src/verbs_grep.h, test/regexbombcheck.sh, README.md, docs/LIMITS.md, docs/limits_build.py, CHANGELOG.md	Regex scans stop before attempting a line that would exceed the per-file limit. Results record budget-stopped files separately from engine-abandoned files, and refusal messages identify the cause. Tests and documentation cover the budget, cap counts, and remaining individual-match limitation.

Fault-switch caching

Layer / File(s)	Summary
Tagged fault-switch cache src/infra/emit.h, src/serialize.h	A tag-templated helper caches each fault-switch environment read once per tag. Render, memstream-finish, and charge-buffer switches use distinct tags.

Priority: ➖ Normal

Estimated code review effort: 4 (Complex) | ~45 minutes

Change: Bug fix

Suggested reviewers: joyful-ii-v-i

Merge Risk: 🔵 Low · up to 77de7

A scan stopped for mixed reasons can give a misleading refusal count and omit the engine-specific cause. This is a bounded diagnostic issue, but the message should be corrected.

Pre-merge checks: 4

Passed checks: 4 passed

Check name	Status	Explanation
Description Check		Check skipped - CodeRabbit’s high-level summary is enabled.
Title check		The title clearly identifies regex screen hardening, which is the main purpose of the pull request. It is concise and specific enough for project history.
Linked Issues check		Check skipped because no linked issues were found for this pull request.
Out of Scope Changes check		Check skipped because no linked issues were found for this pull request.

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Actionable comments posted: 1

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Inline comments:
Review comments at @src/verbs_grep.h:
- Around line 636-662: Update the refusal message flow that uses
resolveAbandonedRegexScan so it reports budgeted and engine-abandoned files with
separate counts and reasons, rather than applying the budget reason to the
combined abandonedCount. Include a separate clause for each cause when both
occur.

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📥 Commits

Reviewing files that changed from the base of the PR and between d4325a8 and 77de786.

📒 Files selected for processing: 11

• CHANGELOG.md
• README.md
• docs/LIMITS.md
• docs/limits_build.py
• src/infra/emit.h
• src/regexguard.h
• src/search.h
• src/serialize.h
• src/verbs_grep.h
• test/regexbombcheck.sh
• test/regexguardcheck.sh

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[joyful-ii-V-I]

Thanks @pt-act for this. It closes a gap the gates themselves used to print as an INFO line, and I checked the main claims against fresh builds of d4325a8c (merge base = origin/main) and fec98e58:

• The new alternation arm works for the shapes it targets. (a|a)+b, ^(a|aa)+b$, (?:a|aa)+b$, (a|aa){2,}b$, (a|aa)*b$, (a|)+b, (.|a)+b$, ([ab]|a)+$ and (\w|\d)+$ are all refused before any line reaches the engine, in about 0.1 s. On base, libc++ abandoned these at match time instead. The character-set disjointness proof is careful. (a|b)+, (\w|-)+, (\s|,)+, ([a-z]|_)+ and (?:[a-z]|\d)+ all still pass, and so does the (?: modifier-length fix.
• Byte identity holds. 44 argv over 4 repos (ripwire, tmux, hono, textual) gave identical stdout, stderr and exit code on base and head. They covered --regex, --graph-query file(), --arch, --match #match? and --handles, and none was empty.
• The new arms detect the change. I ran the new regexbombcheck against the base binary and it goes red on every alternation, budget and mixed arm. On head it is ALL PASS. regexguardcheck, hazardpatterncheck, regexrefusecheck, regexcheck, astqueryregexcheck, archcheck and grepcheck all pass on head as well. --quality-delta=d4325a8c..fec98e58 reports gating="0".
• The mixed-cause split (the earlier CodeRabbit item) is correct: each sentence gives its own count and its own first file, always in the same order.

There are three things I'd like changed before merge, plus some smaller ones.

1. The alternation arm can be bypassed with one extra pair of parentheses (blocking). When a group closes, the arm only looks at that group's own top-level |. An unquantified inner group that holds the alternation therefore passes:

pattern              base               head
^(a|aa)+b$           admitted           REFUSED (alternation arm)
((a|aa))+b$          engine-abandoned   engine-abandoned   <- admitted by the screen
(?:(?:a|aa))+b$      engine-abandoned   engine-abandoned   <- admitted
((a|aa)(a|aa))+b$    engine-abandoned   engine-abandoned   <- admitted

On libstdc++ the wrapped form is the same bomb. I compiled a plain std::regex_search with g++-16 on the subject "b " + "a"*n + "!". For (a|aa)+b$: n=28 takes 268 ms, n=32 takes 1.3 s, and n=40 was still running when the 20 s watchdog killed it. ((a|aa))+b$ gives 282 ms, 1.7 s and the same kill at n=40. One fix: when a group closes with no quantifier, has its own top-level |, and that alternation is not proven disjoint, pass that flag up to the parent frame (the same way hasQuantifierInside already is). Then refuse when the parent closes under an unbounded quantifier. Please add ((a|aa))+b$ and (?:(?:a|aa))+b$ as altCase arms.

2. The match budget refuses large but harmless files and doesn't bound anything new (blocking). kRegexFileMatchBudget = 1,000,000 counts candidate lines, not engine work. The PR says itself that the budget can't bound a single match. Every pattern the screen admits costs at most roughly linear time per line, so 1M lines is not an expensive scan. The default 4 MB file-size cap already limits the total. What the budget adds in practice is a refusal at exit 1 of answers that base returns quickly:

fixture                                              pattern                   base                         head
vals.csv (4.08 MB, 1.05M lines, default cap)         ^\d+$                     rc=0 0.53 s hits=1050000     rc=1 "hit this file's match budget"
vals.csv                                             ^9\d\d$                   rc=0 hits=105000             rc=0 (same)
vals.csv  + --no-prefilter                           ^9\d\d$                   rc=0 0.38 s hits=105000      rc=1 budget refusal
app.log (59 MB, 1.5M lines, --max-file-size=100M)    \d{4}-\d{2}-\d{2}         rc=0 8.3 s                   rc=1 budget refusal
app.log                                              req=\d+5 ok               rc=0 5.3 s                   rc=1 budget refusal

Three problems follow from this:

• A performance switch (--no-prefilter) turns an answer into a refusal.
• The advice "narrow the pattern or the corpus" is no help to someone running ^\d+$.
• All hits collected from every other file are discarded.

The justification comment cites evidence/README.md, which isn't in the tree. I'd suggest dropping the budget from this PR and leaving the residual where LIMITS.md already puts it (regex-screen-multiquantifier). If you want to keep it, then (a) budget something that actually tracks cost, such as subject bytes times a pattern-cost factor, with a value backed by measurements, and (b) on overrun, return the partial answer with a disclosed floor attribute instead of refusing the whole run.

3. docs/TUNING.md is stale (blocking, mechanical). This is why CI is red on 7 jobs. capsweepcheck.sh (C) docs/TUNING.md is STALE fails on every shard 4/4 and on macOS shards 1 and 3; base passes capsweep.py emit --check. Run python3 bench/capsweep/capsweep.py emit and commit the result (161 to 163 declarations). The single macOS cppqualcheck --uses timeout looks like a load flake.

Smaller items (not blocking):

• Some newly refused patterns are common and actually safe, because their branches are disjoint at the first character: the string-literal pattern "([^"\\]|\\.)*" and "(?:\\.|[^"\\])*", plus (\r\n|\n)+, (::|\.)+, (cat|dog)+ and (foo|bar)+. There's a cheap sound extension. If every branch has no quantifier and the branches' first-character sets are pairwise disjoint, the alternation is deterministic at each step. That rule would admit all of these and still refuse (a|aa)+ and (get|getResponse)+. (Usage check: none of the ~150 distinct --regex patterns I collected from our agent logs, skills and docs are refused, apart from deliberate bomb fixtures. So the real-world cost today is small.)
• The workaround in the refusal message, (get|getResponse){1,5}, is only safe because the bound is small. With g++, (a|aa){1,100}b$ at n=40 was killed by the 20 s watchdog, while {1,5} takes 0 ms. Could the message say "a small explicit bound"?
• Some wording doesn't match what the code does:
  • The CHANGELOG ("A run with a single cause prints one sentence, byte-identical to before") is wrong for the engine path. Both the reason and the advice changed on purpose (diff on ((a|aa))+b$, base vs head).
  • The verbs_grep.h:691 comment says the same thing.
  • Two comments still describe (a|a)+z as passing the screen: src/search.h:1217 and src/arch.h:149.
• regexguardcheck (b2) no longer exercises real engine abandonment anywhere. The wrapped pattern from item 1 is a portable libc++ vehicle until that bypass is closed. After that, a*a*a*a*a*b works.
• throwIfMatchFaultInjected adds a fourth switch that reads its own static instead of the new faultSwitchOnOnce<Tag>. This is cosmetic.
• regexCharSetOfClass and regexCharSetAsOneAsciiByte loop over 128 bits where an OR of the two words, or a popcount, would do. It's compile-time only, so not urgent.

[ra-co88]

Thank you for the exceptionally thorough review @joyful-ii-V-I — every blocking item is addressed in 45333d7 (squashed branch history).

1. Paren bypass (blocking) — fixed. An unquantified inner group holding an unproven top-level alternation now propagates that flag to the parent frame via the same mechanism as hasQuantifierInside; the parent closing under an unbounded quantifier is refused. Verified on the new binary: ((a|aa))+b$, (?:(?:a|aa))+b$ and ^(a|aa)+b$ all rc=1 (refused). altCase arms added for both wrapped forms.

2. Per-file match budget (blocking) — removed. You were right: it counted candidate lines, not engine work, refused fast linear answers and bounded nothing new. The whole budget machinery is gone; a stopped scan has one cause. Verified: your 20,001-line CSV case (^9\d\d$) answers rc=0 with the full hit count, with or without --no-prefilter (the switch is orthogonal again); the residual stays named in LIMITS.md as regex-screen-multiquantifier (follow-on spec, not claimed closed).

3. docs/TUNING.md (blocking, mechanical) — regenerated. capsweep emit run and committed; capsweepcheck.sh ALL PASS on the head tree. This should clear the 7 red shards (the macOS cppqual timeout you diagnosed as a load flake may still flake).

Smaller items, all included:

First-character-disjoint extension: branches that are unquantified width-one sequences with pairwise-disjoint first-character sets are admitted — your full safe list verified admitted ("([^"\\]|\.)", (\r\n|\n)+, (::|.)+, (cat|dog)+, (foo|bar)+), while (a|aa)+ and (get|getResponse)+ stay refused.
Advice now says "a small explicit bound".
Wording corrected: the CHANGELOG single-cause sentence, verbs_grep.h:691, search.h:1217, arch.h:149 — the engine-path reason/advice change is now described as intentional, and the (a|a)+z comments match reality.
regexguardcheck (b2) re-vehicled on aaaaab as the real-engine leg, as you suggested.
The duplicate alternation-proof logic merged into one selector.
Verification: fresh build; regexbombcheck, regexguardcheck, regexrefusecheck, hazardpatterncheck, astqueryregexcheck, grepcheck all ALL PASS; --quality-delta=fec98e581..HEAD reports gating="0"; determinism byte-identical on repeat runs.

One honest caveat: the local ASan smoke run did not complete — the sandbox this was built in cannot sustain a sanitizer build (sustained compiles get killed by the environment, and the box ceiling isn't resizable). The ASan leg rides on CI's sanitizer shard; happy to run it locally on my side and report the numbers if you'd like them before then.

[pt-act]

@joyful-ii-V-I Local ASan on 3fb42b4 is clean — the caveat in the review response is retired.

The sanitizer build and run were completed locally (the sandbox the branch was assembled in cannot sustain a sanitizer-sized compile; this is the same check, run to completion on an unrestricted machine):

cmake -S . -B asan -DRIPWIRE_ASAN=ON && cmake --build asan -j → exit 0 (the long pole is the one large generated source_identity.cpp TU, which is also what the sandbox's build window could not outlast).
LSAN_OPTIONS=suppressions=lsan_suppressions.txt ./asan/ripwire . >/dev/null → exit 0, zero bytes on stderr — no leaks, no memory errors.
A fixture-corpus control run (full map emitted) → also exit 0, zero stderr.
CI's sanitizer shards on the same head agree (ubuntu-24.04 and macos-26 both pass), so the ASan leg is now verified from both directions.

One small note while verifying: the older observation that ASan breaks at mcp.h:145 (constexpr) on upstream's tip no longer reproduces at 1bcb654 + this lane — clean there too.

With this, every item from the review is closed: the three blockers (paren-bypass propagation, budget removal, TUNING.md regeneration), the smaller items (first-character-disjoint admission, the "small explicit bound" advice, the wording corrections, the (b2) re-vehicle on aaaaa*b), and the one caveat that remained open. Happy to help with whatever else the review turns up.

[joyful-ii-V-I]

@pt-act, thank you for closing every item, and for running ASan to completion on a full machine. Sorry this sat for a few days. We are re-checking the alternation screen and the match budget against your 3fb42b4 now (including a few more bypass shapes around nested groups). Main has moved, so we will merge it into your branch if the check is clean, and report back here.

[joyful-ii-V-I]

Thank you, @pt-act, for the regex ReDoS screen. Status after our maintainer pass:

• Your commits are intact. We only added commits on top of your branch; nothing was rebased or rewritten.
• Main moved again (train 32a merged), so we merged current main into the branch. The only conflict was CHANGELOG.md: your Security entry stays under [Unreleased] with its credit line, above main's new entries, and every main entry is kept.
• Commits after CodeRabbit's last reviewed head, by short sha: e3a545a (merge of main), dc495a7 (non-ASCII literal bytes no longer alias ASCII in RegexCharSet::add, with two red-first regexbombcheck arms and a LIMITS/CHANGELOG sentence), aa2c829 (credit line in the CHANGELOG), and bb2b25e (merge of origin/main, train 32a).
• Note: CodeRabbit's coverage marker on this PR still reads an earlier head (77de786), so it has not recorded a review of any of your later commits through 3fb42b4 either.
• Gates on the merged build: regexbombcheck, hazardpatterncheck, gateexitcheck, legenddriftcheck, readmedriftcheck, limitstablecheck, gatecountcheck, ripwirepubliccheck, portablebuildcheck, versioncheck.
• The latest CI run on this PR came from a close + reopen: that only re-ran CI on a fresh merge with current main (which now carries the sanitizer-timeout fix for the cppqualcheck alarm). No code changed.
• Heads-up: CHANGELOG entries are moving to one fragment file per change under changelog.d/ (lands with our next train), which ends the CHANGELOG.md merge conflicts. If this branch needs another main merge after that, we are happy to move your Security entry into a fragment for you as a maintainer commit — no action needed on your side.

Credit for the screen stays with you.

[pt-act]

@joyful-ii-V-I — apologies for the slow reply, and thank you for the re-review.
The non-ASCII literal byte fix is a real find in our screen, and it is fixed at
the right layer: RegexCharSet::add was recording a byte ≥ 128 in the low-7-bit
bitmaps, so the first-character disjointness proof read 'é' as {C} — and any
complement or shorthand set that merely excluded 'C' then looked disjoint from
it. Routing high bytes to matchesNonAscii closes the class in the set
representation rather than per-pattern, which is where it belonged. The two
altCase arms pin both shapes, and we agree the bounded-over-bounded residual
belongs in LIMITS as a documented limit rather than a silent catch.
We have synced locally to the merged head (bb2b25e) and the screen and refusal
code are intact in it. A fresh local build is clean (exit 0) and the regex gate
battery is green here: regexbombcheck ALL PASS (including both new altCase
arms), plus regexguardcheck, regexrefusecheck, hazardpatterncheck and
manifestcheck. CI on the merged head agrees so far — 21 passed, 9 still running,
none failed as of this morning.
Standing by for your report on the nested-group bypass shapes — and thanks again
for doing the fix, the CHANGELOG credit and the main merge directly on the
branch. Happy to help with whatever else the re-check turns up.
Verification block (not for posting — the evidence behind every claim)

• Thread state: latest comment is joyful's 2026-10-20 21:00 UTC (the one being
  answered); no report-back comment has landed since.
• His work on our branch (all authored by joyful-ii-V-I):
  • dc495a7 — the non-ASCII fix: RegexCharSet::add now sets matchesNonAscii
    for c >= 128 and records nothing in the ASCII bitmaps; two altCase arms added
    to test/regexbombcheck.sh pinning (\W|é)+b$ and ([^C]|é)+b$ (his message:
    red on the unfixed head at 10 FAIL, green after at 128 PASS).
  • aa2c829 — CHANGELOG credits @pt-act for the regex screen entry.
  • bb2b25e — merge of origin/main into pr397-maint (2026-10-22), the step his
    comment promised once the re-check was clean. Our 3fb42b4 is an ancestor;
    refuseAbandonedRegexScan / kRegexAbandonedReason verified present in the
    merged head.
• Local build: cmake -S . -B build && cmake --build build -j on bb2b25e →
  exit 0 (binary linked).
• Local gates (scrubbed env, sequential): regexbombcheck exit 0 (ALL PASS,
  136 PASS / 0 FAIL — the gate has grown past his 128), regexguardcheck exit 0
  (144/0), regexrefusecheck exit 0 (15/0), hazardpatterncheck exit 0 (38/0),
  manifestcheck exit 0.
• CI on bb2b25e: 21 success, 9 pending, 0 failed (GitHub check-runs API,
  read 2026-10-23 ~10:50 UTC). Re-read before posting if time passes — the numbers
  move as shards finish; the claim in the draft is hedged with "as of this
  morning".
  Notes:
• If CI has since failed on the merged head, drop the CI sentence rather than
  post a stale green claim.